ࡱ>   !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~Root Entry~>O@u Contentsk Diagram1 ԩDiagClass0`ZF  !"#$%&'()*+,-./01FLOB'BB,BB`!8;@Bd@BBHArialArial  Arial NarrowArialArial@ Arial Narrow Arial Narrow Arial Arial  Arial Narrow  Arial Narrow Arial ArialArial  Arial NarrowArialArialArialxArial@ArialxArial@ArialxB  BLArialdh   BSNormalArialN Default Shape N Default Shape R Default Line     Default Line   B\ BB B B B   (B   "B>   .B   /B   B8ArialB8Arial B8Arial!B8Arial1B8Arial4B8Arial7B 8B8ArialBA B HBT,XX$?+B*B5EEJ5c-B2BBBĩdormant- /=?xDf /0?@OP_ /0?@OP_ /0?@OP_ /0?@OP_ /0?@OP_ /0?@OP_'&{00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000}! ,Layer 1 H   "5 =g "1 0< G OrIXr@ %(F /K  C 4"L 4 /0r1Does it discriminate against interstate commerce?1?@dOP_ Rounded Process%g! H   "5 D$p "1 0< G iieQ.J(p:U"@ %(F /K  C L" 4 /0=Can state achieve its purpose with less discriminatory means?=?@dOP_ Rounded Process%p!A9 H   "5   "1 0< G t;Hb4ٳj@ F /K  C "     /06State law (typically some form of economic regulation) 6?@,ddOP_ Process%!00 00B-C-0? C%!00 000? C%!00 00W0? C%! H -  #5  1 #1 0< G %IT @ @@<F /K  C n"066 L  /0BInvalidation of state econom- ic regulation via judicial balancingB?@dOP_ Summing Junction%!+# H 1  "5 # \ "1 0< G ^BF='@ F /K  C $} T /0hGrant of power over interstate commerce to Congress operates as a negative on a like power in the statesh?@dOP_ Process%\! H -  #5 OO #1 0< G lNIh,@ @@<F /K  C 8" D  /0f+States have no power to regulate IC as such+?@dOP_ Summing Junction%OO!WO H 3  "B L25  # "1 0< G 7kIB!0 u @ F /K  C $h D/0Facially neutral laws that ultimately affect the mix of in-state and out-state commerce are intentionally discriminatory only if that is the inevitable effect of the law. Unintentional discrimination does not violate DCC?@dOP_ Process%!3+ H 1  "5 "" "1 0< G }ἮJa nM@ F /K  C $ D/0tLaws designed to protect in-state economic interests at expense of out-state interests undermine our economic union t?@dOP_ Process%"!} H 0  "5 H!&LJ "1 0< G O[,]GBK@ F /K  C $ D/0JIf discrimination against out-of-state commerce appears on the face of a law or if it flows as a necessary consequence, the discrim. is presumed intentional ?@dOP_ Process%LJ!vn` G?М@l?4@? G?М@l?4@?!`j Z~ "`  ! ??+#`>   $` C $  D/0@Prof. Manheim Fall, 2004?@,ddOP_ %!d\`?2@G?4@??2@G?4@?!`QZo"`  ! ??+#`>   $` C q L/08Constitutional Law I?@dOP_ %! H .  "5 Z\T7 "1 0< G տ< IӰY@ F /K  C T" t /0RTHE DORMANT COMMERCE CLAUSE *  ?@dOP_ Process%T7! H -  #5 @*ff #1 0< G Ԋ_N%85@ @@<F /K ! C " d   /0TWhere state rejects non-discriminatory means, it is likely for protectionist reasonsT?@dOP_ Summing Junction%ff!7/ H +  "5  ,hh "1 0< G 1s4L[]cO@ F /K # C " , /03?@dOP_  Connector%hh!7/ H *  "5  (hh "1 0< G 1s4L[]cO@ F /K $ C " , /02?@dOP_  Connector%hh!7/ H )  "5 ! hh "1 0< G 1s4L[]cO@ F /K % C " , /01?@dOP_  Connector%hh! H   "5 + "1 0< G R`LM ; A@ F /K & C V" T  @ /0b)Judically recognized right of free trade)?@,ddOP_ Display%!00 0(0  0?' C%! H   "5  ( "1 0< G jGD- @ F /K ) C Z";; T  @ /0x4Congress has exclusive power to directly regulate IC4?@dOP_ Display%(! H   "5  ( "1 0< G jGD- @ F /K * C b";; \  @ /0x4Main purpose of DCC was to avoid Balkanization of IC 4?@dOP_ Display%(! H   "B L25 1 "1 0< G d|ҩF@@ <F /K - C "L 4 /0NState law survives DCC analysis?@dOP_  Connector%! H   "5  *$ 9 "1 0< G 'y@KOͶq@ %(F /K . C x" 4 /0SDo the incidental burdens on commerce clearly outweigh the putative local benefits?S?@dOP_ Rounded Process%$ 9! H   "5  T* "1 0< G MC~)C2TxK@ %(F /K / C " 4 /0T"Is the discrimination intentional?"?@dOP_ Rounded Process%T*!d\ H   "5 D$  "1 0< G /U\̈!BJ_9@ C (F /K 0 C "  L /0sMany state regulatory laws affect the mix of in- and out- of-state commerce but are not intentionally protectionists?@dOP_ Rounded Process% ! H   "5 r_l  "1 0< G \ w| G0iR@ %(F /K 3 C " 4 /0\State may use "police power" to regulate local matters despite incidental effect on commerce\?@dOP_ Rounded Process%l ! H   "5   "1 0< G S`vBpn˞@ %(F /K 4 C  "`99 4 /0^'Does it regulate commerce qua commerce?'?@dOP_ Rounded Process%!``?A@rh?z@?`?A@rh?z@?!`t d"`  ! ??+#`>   $`5 C ~! dd D /0NDormant commerce clause applies only to state and local laws, not federal lawsN?@dOP_ % d!ph H 9  "5 lO "1 0< G Ͳ٬C@ F /K 6 C " </0:For instance, where the object of the law is not within state police power (e.g., interstate competi- tion) or where law has extraterritorial effects?@dOP_  Terminator%O!` r?@S?P{@? r?@S?P{@?!`O  "`  ! ??+#`>   $`7 C $  D /0M* As seen via the Pike test (state law must survive all 3 elements of test) M?@>dddOP_ % !"`I ?@?@?I ?@?@?!`m"+'A"`  ! ??+#`>   $`8 C $)AA </0{This "right" is apparently as important as are individual liberties; indeed, it can be en-forced via a "civil rights" suit {?@dOP_ %'A! H :  "5 Q5$R "1 0< G r`,?Oۂj3@ F /K 9 C 8" < /0n/Don't forget the Privileges & Immunities Clause/?@dOP_ Process%$R! H ;  "5 _34 "1 0< G YkW̫AY=@ F /K : C X"k < /0?State law may be immune to DCC per Market Participant Doctrine ??@dOP_ Process%4! H 1  "5 !  "1 0< G :nQD&@Yb@ F /K ? C J$bSS T /0hJust because a state may use its "police powers" to regulate the same activities that congress can regulate under its "commerce power" doesn't mean states are regulating IC?@dOP_ Process%!rj`?5?@h?J@??5?@h?J@?!`E!/O"`  ! ??+#`>   $`@ C  $Q L /0FJudicial balancing falling into disrepute because courts not competent to weigh competing interests and are often insensitive to state regulatory concerns ?@dOP_ %O! 0000 00z!r!0?B C %! 0000 0@@0;z;; ;0?C C %!`/?@ ?@?/?@ ?@?!`"`  ! ??+#`>   $`D C " $ /0yes?@dOP_ %!`@z? @ ?ȏ@?@z? @ ?ȏ@?!`B"`  ! ??+#`>   $`E C " $ /0no?@dOP_ %!0000 0@@0$\()z)z*0?F C %!0000 0@@0$ \( ))*0?G C %!`@z?p@ ?B@?@z?p@ ?B@?!` )"`  ! ??+#`>   $`H C " $ /0no?@dOP_ %!`/?px@ ?D@?/?px@ ?D@?!`)"`  ! ??+#`>   $`I C " $ /0yes?@dOP_ %!0000 0@@0$/0 0 10?J C %!0000 00$X/X0010?K C %!`@z?@t?@?@z?@t?@?!`g0"`  ! ??+#`>   $`L C " /0no?@dOP_ %! `/?p@ ?@?/?p@ ?@?!`Ox0"`  ! ??+#`>   $`M C " /0yes?@dOP_ %! 0000 00${1{t2Ft2F30?N C%! 0000 00$ 4y4y5,50?O C%!0000 004_4_50?P C%! 0000 00$((0?Q C%! 0000 00$@ @ ||0?R C%!0000 00$&&b b 0?S C %!`/? @ ?@?/? @ ?@?!`$"`  ! ??+#`>   $`T C " $/0yes?@dOP_ %!0000 00$ ! # # D$0?U C %! `@?8@t?Ȟ@?@?8@t?Ȟ@?!`^ ""`  ! ??+#`>   $`V C " /0yes?@dOP_ %!00 00 *0?W C %!`@z?@ ? @?@z?@ ? @?!`""`  ! ??+#`>   $`X C " /0no?@dOP_ %! 0000 00O O D$0?Y C %!`@z?8@t?X@?@z?8@t?X@?!`"`  ! ??+#`>   $`Z C " /0no?@dOP_ %! 0000 00$w\(w)X)X*0?[ C%!2& gb_V. gb_V*gb_Vgb_V)gb_V4gb_V4C77C774Bvv3BvvCDd?_BEdA_FT8R!FT8RGCT(6.GCT(6FISZ,?GHQZ,?.JT8RJT8R.KCT(6-KCT(6JMX^,?KLX],?!NT8R:NT8ROCT(6:OCT(6-P9P'ļļ4'ļļ3QT8RQT8RR6RST8R/ST8RSTW\,?/UT8RUT8RUVX^,?WT8R.WT8RWXdd_/YT8R0YT8RYZdH_0[T8R.[T8R#%``8Arial` P1_`o('-N)BBBasic DiagramsBBj!FUdJdYBE E     ! ??+ OrIXr "  Rounded Process L2 888- & 8       Rounded Process      /     ! ??+ iieQ.J(p:U" "  Rounded Process L2 888-  8       Rounded Process      /  )( ! ??+ t;Hb4ٳj "  Process L2   8       Process      /   @@\ 3?3?+d)3?3?+  d)3?3?+ + %IT  #  Summing Junction LSR\Y2 L VVUU  8       Summing Junction      /  )( ! ??+ ^BF=' "  Process L2   8       Process      /   @@\ 3?3?+d)3?3?+  d)3?3?+ + lNIh, #  Summing Junction LVSVY2 L UUUU  8       Summing Junction      /  )( ! ??+ 7kIB!0 u  "  Process L2  # 8       Process      /  )( ! ??+ }ἮJa nM "  Process L2   8       Process      /  )( ! ??+ O[,]GBK "  Process L2   8       Process      /  )( ! ??+ տ< IӰY "  Process L 2   8       Process      /   @@\ 3?3?+d)3?3?+  d)3?3?+ + Ԋ_N%85 #  Summing Junction LUPX]2 L UUVV  8       Summing Junction      /    ! ??+ 1s4L[]cO "  Connector L 2 OOOI("61"(%%  8       Connector      /  )AjCpwVjAA ! ??+ R`LM ; A "  Display L|T2 ee6UU5 - 8       Display      /  )AjCpwVjAA ! ??+ jGD-  "  Display L}T2 ee6UU5  8       Display      /    ! ??+ d|ҩF@ "  Connector L2 OOOI("61"(%%  8       Connector      /     ! ??+ 'y@KOͶq "  Rounded Process L 2 888- - 8       Rounded Process      /     ! ??+ MC~)C2TxK "  Rounded Process L2 888-  8       Rounded Process      /     ! ??+ /U\̈!BJ_9 "  Rounded Process L2 888-  8       Rounded Process      /     ! ??+ \ w| G0iR "  Rounded Process L2 888-  8       Rounded Process      /     ! ??+ S`vBpn˞ "  Rounded Process L2 888-  8       Rounded Process      /  )qun g a]WP$I-F@?I9R5d+(!  5Gbt<Ws   1!D(V+h59?FIPW]agnueryhVD1 sW<tbG5dRI@-$ y re ! ??+ Ͳ٬C "  Terminator L??2 e6||6e  8       Terminator      / # )0 ! ??+ r`,?Oۂj3 "  Process L2   8       Process      / # )0 ! ??+ YkW̫AY= "  Process L2   8       Process      /  )( ! ??+ :nQD&@Yb "  Process L2   8       Process      /   BBB BBDocComponentsInfo$2Root Entry~>O D&F' Contentsk Diagram1DiagClass0ZF  !"#$%&'()*+,-./012DocComponentsInfo$      !"#$%&()*+,-B|dormant- /=?xDf /0?@OP_ /0?@OP_ /0?@OP_ /0?@OP_ /0?@OP_ /0?@OP_'&{00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000}! ,Layer 1 H   "5 =g "1 0< G OrIXr@ %(F /K  C 4"L 4 /0r1Does it discriminate against interstate commerce?1?@dOP_ Rounded Process%g! H   "5 $p "1 0< G iieQ.J(p:U"@ %(F /K  C L" 4 /0=Can state achieve its purpose with less discriminatory means?=?@dOP_ Rounded Process%p!A9 H   "5   "1 0< G t;Hb4ٳj@ F /K  C "     /06State law (typically some form of economic regulation) 6?@,ddOP_ Process%!00 00--0? C%!00 000? C%!00 00W0? C%! H -  #5  1 #1 0< G %IT @ @@<F /K  C n"066 L  /0BInvalidation of state econom- ic regulation via judicial balancingB?@dOP_ Summing Junction%!+# H 1  "5 # \ "1 0< G ^BF='@ F /K  C $} T /0hGrant of power over interstate commerce to Congress operates as a negative on a like power in the statesh?@dOP_ Process%\! H -  #5 OO #1 0< G lNIh,@ @@<F /K  C 8" D  /0f+States have no power to regulate IC as such+?@dOP_ Summing Junction%OO!WO H 3  "B L25  # "1 0< G 7kIB!0 u @ F /K  C $h D/0Facially neutral laws that ultimately affect the mix of in-state and out-state commerce are intentionally discriminatory only if that is the inevitable effect of the law. Unintentional discrimination does not violate DCC?@dOP_ Process%!3+ H 1  "5 "" "1 0< G }ἮJa nM@ F /K  C $ D/0tLaws designed to protect in-state economic interests at expense of out-state interests undermine our economic union t?@dOP_ Process%"!} H 0  "5 H! LJ "1 0< G O[,]GBK@ F /K  C $ D/0JIf discrimination against out-of-state commerce appears on the face of a law or if it flows as a necessary consequence, the discrim. is presumed intentional ?@dOP_ Process%LJ!zr` G?М@l?4@? G?М@l?4@?!`j Z~ "`  ! ??+#`>   $` C (  D/0DProf. Manheim Spring, 2005?@,ddOP_ %!d\`?2@G?4@??2@G?4@?!`QZo"`  ! ??+#`>   $` C q L/08Constitutional Law I?@dOP_ %! H .  "5 Z\T7 "1 0< G տ< IӰY@ F /K  C T" t /0RTHE DORMANT COMMERCE CLAUSE *  ?@dOP_ Process%T7! H -  #5 @|*ff #1 0< G Ԋ_N%85@ @@<F /K ! C " d   /0TWhere state rejects non-discriminatory means, it is likely for protectionist reasonsT?@dOP_ Summing Junction%ff!7/ H +  "5  ^,hh "1 0< G 1s4L[]cO@ F /K # C " , /03?@dOP_  Connector%hh!7/ H *  "5  (hh "1 0< G 1s4L[]cO@ F /K $ C " , /02?@dOP_  Connector%hh!7/ H )  "5 ! hh "1 0< G 1s4L[]cO@ F /K % C " , /01?@dOP_  Connector%hh! H   "5 + "1 0< G R`LM ; A@ F /K & C V" T  @ /0b)Judically recognized right of free trade)?@,ddOP_ Display%!00 0(0  0?' C%! H   "5  ( "1 0< G jGD- @ F /K ) C Z";; T  @ /0x4Congress has exclusive power to directly regulate IC4?@dOP_ Display%(! H   "5  ( "1 0< G jGD- @ F /K * C b";; \  @ /0x4Main purpose of DCC was to avoid Balkanization of IC 4?@dOP_ Display%(! H   "B L25 1 "1 0< G d|ҩF@@ <F /K - C "L 4 /0NState law survives DCC analysis?@dOP_  Connector%! H   "5  u*$ 9 "1 0< G 'y@KOͶq@ %(F /K . C x" 4 /0SDo the incidental burdens on commerce clearly outweigh the putative local benefits?S?@dOP_ Rounded Process%$ 9! H   "5  T* "1 0< G MC~)C2TxK@ %(F /K / C " 4 /0T"Is the discrimination intentional?"?@dOP_ Rounded Process%T*!d\ H   "5 $  "1 0< G /U\̈!BJ_9@ C (F /K 0 C "  L /0sMany state regulatory laws affect the mix of in- and out- of-state commerce but are not intentionally protectionists?@dOP_ Rounded Process% ! H   "5 r_l  "1 0< G \ w| G0iR@ %(F /K 3 C " 4 /0\State may use "police power" to regulate local matters despite incidental effect on commerce\?@dOP_ Rounded Process%l ! H   "5   "1 0< G S`vBpn˞@ %(F /K 4 C  "`99 4 /0^'Does it regulate commerce qua commerce?'?@dOP_ Rounded Process%!``?A@rh?z@?`?A@rh?z@?!`t d"`  ! ??+#`>   $`5 C ~! dd D /0NDormant commerce clause applies only to state and local laws, not federal lawsN?@dOP_ % d!ph H 9  "5 lO "1 0< G Ͳ٬C@ F /K 6 C " </0:For instance, where the object of the law is not within state police power (e.g., interstate competi- tion) or where law has extraterritorial effects?@dOP_  Terminator%O!` r?@S?P{@? r?@S?P{@?!`O  "`  ! ??+#`>   $`7 C $  D /0M* As seen via the Pike test (state law must survive all 3 elements of test) M?@>dddOP_ % !"`I ?@?n@?I ?@?n@?!`m"+'A"`  ! ??+#`>   $`8 C $)AA </0{This "right" is apparently as important as are individual liberties; indeed, it can be en-forced via a "civil rights" suit {?@dOP_ %'A! H :  "5 Z!3$R "1 0< G r`,?Oۂj3@ F /K 9 C 8" < /0n/Don't forget the Privileges & Immunities Clause/?@dOP_ Process%$R! H ;  "5 _34 "1 0< G YkW̫AY=@ F /K : C X"k < /0?State law may be immune to DCC per Market Participant Doctrine ??@dOP_ Process%4! H 1  "5 !  "1 0< G :nQD&@Yb@ F /K ? C J$bSS T /0hJust because a state may use its "police powers" to regulate the same activities that congress can regulate under its "commerce power" doesn't mean states are regulating IC?@dOP_ Process%!rj`?5?@@ ?4@??5?@@ ?4@?!`E!/O"`  ! ??+#`>   $`@ C  $Q L /0FJudicial balancing falling into disrepute because courts not competent to weigh competing interests and are often insensitive to state regulatory concerns ?@dOP_ %O! 0000 00z!r!0?B C %! 0000 0@@0;z;; ;0?C C %!`/?@ ?@?/?@ ?@?!`"`  ! ??+#`>   $`D C " $ /0yes?@dOP_ %!`@z? @ ?ȏ@?@z? @ ?ȏ@?!`B"`  ! ??+#`>   $`E C " $ /0no?@dOP_ %!0000 0@@0$*(T)zT)z|*0?F C %!0000 0@@0$ *( Q)Q)u*0?G C %!`@z?p@ ?+@?@z?p@ ?+@?!` ("`  ! ??+#`>   $`H C " $ /0no?@dOP_ %!`/?px@ ?.@?/?px@ ?.@?!`("`  ! ??+#`>   $`I C " $ /0yes?@dOP_ %!0000 0@@0$/0 0 10?J C %!0000 00$X/X0010?K C %!`@z?@ ?l@?@z?@ ?l@?!`50"`  ! ??+#`>   $`L C " /0no?@dOP_ %! `/?p@ ?t@?/?p@ ?t@?!`OF0"`  ! ??+#`>   $`M C " /0yes?@dOP_ %! 0000 00${0{B2FB2F30?N C%! 0000 00$ 4v4v5+50?O C%! 0000 00$i4{i4{5Z!50?P C%! 0000 00$((0?Q C%! 0000 00$@ @ ||0?R C%!0000 00$&&V V 0?S C %!`/? @t?@?/? @t?@?!`$"`  ! ??+#`>   $`T C " $/0yes?@dOP_ %!0000 00$ ! " " $0?U C %! `/?8@t?@?/?8@t?@?!`` ""`  ! ??+#`>   $`V C " /0yes?@dOP_ %!00 00 u*0?W C %!`@z?@ ?@?@z?@ ?@?!`""`  ! ??+#`>   $`X C " /0no?@dOP_ %! 0000 006 6 $0?Y C %!`@z?8@ ?@@?@z?8@ ?@@?!`"`  ! ??+#`>   $`Z C " /0no?@dOP_ %! 0000 00$w*(wQ)XQ)Xu*0?[ C%!DD`@ ?@+?@?@ ?@+?@?!`1A7n "`HB H??? 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